General Terms:

A pottery wheel is a machine that spins clay.
Throw comes from an old English term meaning to twist and describes the activity of making a pot on a potter's wheel.
A foot pedal turns the wheel-head.
Foot pedals are also known as fly-wheels or treadles.
A lump of clay must be perfectly centered on the fly-wheel head to turn without flying off.
Treadling spins the wheel-head.
A splash pan catches slip.
Slip, a watery slurry that spins out of clay, is a waste product.
Coiling is adding a ring of rolled dough to extend the vessel.
Pull, coil, cut, trim, lift and push are terms for manipulating, adding or decreasing mass, and forcing shape.
A glaze is a substance, applied to the inner or outer surface of a pot, which vitrifies in the kiln - meaning that it forms a glassy skin, which fuses with the earthenware and makes it impermeable to liquids.
Glaze transforms terracotta into fine ceramic.
A kiln is a furnace in which pottery is fired.
Some history of potter's wheels was obtained from:

http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ab98
The potter's wheel: 3000 BC
and
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treadle

Bible references:

Isaiah 64:8
Yet you, Lord, are our Father. We are the clay, you are the potter; we are all the work of your hand.

Numbers 5:17
Then he shall take some holy water in a clay jar and put some dust from the tabernacle floor into the water.

Job 10:9
Remember that you molded me like clay. Will you now turn me to dust again?

Jeremiah 18:4
But the pot he was shaping from the clay was marred in his hands; so the potter formed it into another pot, shaping it as seemed best to him.

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